大佬的建议必须挂上
成为日常英雄
- 鼓励承认错误，接受错误的判断。愿意公开地说你犯了一个错误，减少了为它辩护的必要性，也减少了你继续支持错误或不道德行为的可能性。
- 鼓励人们专注，用各种方式提醒他们不要生活在“自动驾驶仪”上，而是花点时间对眼前的情况进行反思，在行动前进行思考，而不是盲目地进入那些应该避免的情况。
- 提高个人对自己行为的责任感，让人们意识到责任分散的情况只是掩盖了我们在其中的个人角色。
- 即使是最小的过失也会让人气馁:欺骗、说闲话、说谎、戏弄、傲慢。这些小行为是走向更糟糕行为的第一步。
- 学会区分公正的权威和不公正的权威，对他们必须表示尊重和服从，对他们的不尊重和不服从是改变的必要条件。
- 从孩子最开始的时候就提倡批判性思维。要求证据来支持自己的主张，要求观点得到充分的阐述，从而将修辞和基于现实的结论区分开来。
- 奖励道德行为的社会榜样，对那些做正确事情的人给予公众认可，例如通过谴责腐败或黑手党类型的犯罪。
- 尊重和欣赏人类的多样性。这是减少我们倾向于对自己的群体表现出偏见的基础，这种倾向反过来会导致对他人的诋毁、偏见和歧视。
- 改变社会环境，人们不再觉得自己是无名的，而是特别的，这增加了他们的自尊和自我价值感。
- 认识到遵守群体规范有时会起反作用，在其他情况下，独立应优先考虑，不论是否有被群体拒绝的危险。
原文
-菲利普津巴多
Civic Virtue, Moral Commitment, Everyday Heroism
In contemporary society, all of us face huge challenges if we want to promote civic virtue in ourselves and avoid giving in to destructive actions. In many countries the form of government is turning from democratic to autocratic, with power concentrated in the hands of a few despots. What I expect is that President Trump’s United States will witness the same changes that have taken place in European countries led by the right.
In a situation in which a ruling elite exercises dominance over the weaker segments, there is more need than ever for new heroic figures; that is, ordinary people willing to make a stand and take action against the various forms of injustice or the simple inaction of the majority. In this article I offer some food for thought on what could be done on an individual, situational, and systemic level to oppose what induces people to behave maliciously towards others and violate fundamental moral principles. It will be a socio-psychological analysis with references to positive psychology.
On an individual level, let’s try to imagine Milgram’s well-known experiment back to front: the goal, in this case, is to create a situation in which people end up following growing demands for good deeds–rather than inflicting strong electric shocks on innocent victims. In this new version we will encourage ordinary people to gradually act more altruistically and to progressively say “yes” to carrying out positive, pro-social actions: a slow ascent toward goodness.
On an abstract level, how would you design a situation that would make this possible? Start by imagining setting up a list of experiences for participants, on a scale that goes from actions that are only slightly better than what they usually do, to extremely altruistic ones.
The first “button” on the Goodness Generator could be spending ten minutes writing a thank you note for a friend. The next level could be taking care of a child in need for twenty minutes. The altruism continues to rise over a few hours: the good deed, in this case, might consist in looking after a friend’s son, working for one evening in a soup kitchen, taking a group of children to the zoo, and so on. Ideally, our experiment on social goodness ends when the person acts as s/he would never have thought of doing, completing something that would have been unimaginable on the eve of the experiment. This route to goodness could also involve donating one’s time or money to help the environment, once again on a hypothetical scale ranging from minimum to maximum difficulty.
In my book The Lucifer Effect, I highlighted the situational and systemic conditions that favor evil acts. Now, using the example of the Goodness Generator, let’s try using variants of these same conditions in an attempt to bring out the best in people. Here are ten steps to promote civic virtue and spark heroism in the citizens of every country, young and old.
- Encouraging admission of mistakes, accepting errors of judgment. Being willing to say openly that you made a mistake reduces the need to justify it and makes it less likely you’ll continue to support wrong or immoral actions.
- Encouraging mindfulness in people, reminding them in variety of ways not to live on “autopilot,” but to take a moment to reflect on the immediate situation, to think before acting, not to go mindlessly into situations which it would be appropriate to steer clear of.
- Promoting a sense of personal responsibility for one’s actions, making people aware that situations of diffused responsibility simply conceal our individual role within them.
- Discouraging even the smallest transgressions: cheating, gossiping, lying, teasing, arrogance. These small acts represent the first steps toward ever worse behavior.
- Learning to distinguish just authority, to whom respect and obedience must be shown, from unjust authority, toward whom disrespect and disobedience are necessary for change.
- Promoting critical thinking from the earliest times in a child’s life. Asking for evidence to support assertions, demanding that ideas be sufficiently elaborated to separate rhetoric from reality-based conclusions.
- Rewarding the social modeling of moral behavior, giving public recognition to those who do the right thing, for example by denouncing corruption or mafia-type crimes.
- Respecting and appreciating human diversity. This is fundamental for reducing our tendency to show bias toward one’s own group, which in turn leads to denigration of others, prejudice and discrimination.
- Changing social conditions so people no longer feel anonymous but special, increasing their self-esteem and boosting their sense of self-worth.
- Becoming aware that conformity to the group norm can sometimes be counterproductive and that, in other cases, independence should take precedence, regardless of the risk of rejection by the group. 作者：菲利普津巴多-DrZ https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv11828129 出处：bilibili
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